ABSTRACT
Resumen El infarto de miocardio con arterias coronarias no obstruidas (MINOCA, por sus siglas en inglés) ha ganado importancia en los últimos 20 años gracias a la dilucidación de etiologías fisiopatológicas diferentes de las causas obstructivas del flujo coronario. Diversos estudios han evidenciado una prevalencia variable, la cual es más alta en las mujeres. Se han descrito dos grupos de alteraciones en la reactividad coronaria que afectan el flujo: las causas epicárdicas y las causas microvasculares. El diagnóstico de MINOCA es de exclusión; por lo tanto, inicialmente se deben descartar otras posibles causas de isquemia, como miocarditis, miocardiopatía séptica, choque hipovolémico por trauma o quemaduras, y enfermedades renales o pulmonares. Los reportes y estudios de esta enfermedad suelen incluir pacientes adultos o mayores de 18 años. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 16 años con antecedente de tetralogía de Fallot corregida en etapa de lactante menor y reemplazo valvular pulmonar con bioprótesis y ampliación del tronco pulmonar a los 11 años, quien ingresó con dolor torácico de características coronarias. Cursó con un diagnóstico de MINOCA por exclusión en una institución de cuarto nivel en Cali, Colombia. El diagnóstico de MINOCA en edad pediátrica es raro; sin embargo, es importante saber acerca de su existencia para brindar a los pacientes el mejor manejo disponible, de manera que se aseguren los mejores desenlaces a largo plazo.
Abstract Myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries (MINOCA) has gained importance in the last 20 years, due to the elucidation of physiopathological etiologies different from the obstructive causes of coronary flow. Different studies have shown variable prevalence, being higher in women. Different causes have been evidenced in the studies found in two groups of alterations in coronary reactivity: epicardial causes and microvascular causes. The diagnosis of MINOCA must be a diagnosis of exclusion. Therefore, other possible causes of ischemia, such as myocarditis, septic cardiomyopathy, hypovolemic shock due to trauma or burns, renal or pulmonary diseases, should be ruled out initially. The reports and studies done around this pathology usually include adult patients and people older than 18 years. We present the case of a 16-year-old patient with a history of Tetralogy of Fallot corrected as an infant and pulmonary valve replacement with bioprothesis and enlargement of the pulmonary trunk at 11 years of age who was admitted with chest pain of coronary characteristics. The diagnosis after multiples studies and exclusion of other causes was MINOCA in a fourth level institution in Cali, Colombia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Myocardial Infarction , Pediatrics , Coronary Disease/diagnosis , Coronary VesselsABSTRACT
Estrogen deficiency and hypertension are considered major risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease. On the other hand, exercise training is considered an effective form to prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases. However, the effects of swimming training (SW) on coronary vascular reactivity in female ovariectomized hypertensive rats are not known. We aimed to evaluate the effects of SW on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in ovariectomized hypertensive rats. Three-month old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, n=50) were divided into four groups: sham (SH), sham plus swimming training (SSW), ovariectomized (OVX), and ovariectomized plus swimming training (OSW). The SW protocol (5 times/week, 60 min/day) was conducted for 8 weeks. The vasodilatory response was measured in isolated hearts in the absence and presence of a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 100 µM). Cardiac oxidative stress was evaluated in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence, while the expression of antioxidant enzymes (SOD-2 and catalase) and their activities were assessed by western blotting and spectrophotometry, respectively. Vasodilation in SHR was significantly reduced by OVX, even in the presence of L-NAME, in conjunction with an increased oxidative stress. These effects were prevented by SW, and were associated with a decrease in oxidative stress. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD-2) and catalase expression increased only in the OSW group. However, no significant difference was found in the activity of these enzymes. In conclusion, SW prevented the endothelial dysfunction in the coronary bed of ovariectomized SHR associated with an increase in the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and therefore may prevent coronary heart disease in hypertensive postmenopausal women.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology , Hypertension/physiopathology , Ovariectomy , Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology , Swimming/physiology , Nitric Oxide , Rats, Wistar , VasodilationABSTRACT
Drospirenone (DRSP) is a progestin with anti-aldosterone properties and it reduces blood pressure in hypertensive women. However, the effects of DRSP on endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation have not been evaluated. This study investigated the effects of combined therapy with estrogen (E2) and DRSP on endothelium-dependent vasodilation of the coronary bed of ovariectomized (OVX) spontaneously hypertensive rats. Female spontaneously hypertensive rats (n=87) at 12 weeks of age were randomly divided into sham operated (Sham), OVX, OVX treated with E2 (E2), and OVX treated with E2 and DRSP (E2+DRSP) groups. Hemodynamic parameters were directly evaluated by catheter insertion into the femoral artery. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to bradykinin in the coronary arterial bed was assessed using isolated hearts according to a modified Langendorff method. Coronary protein expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) was assessed by Western blotting. Histological slices of coronary arteries were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and morphometric parameters were analyzed. Oxidative stress was assessed in situ by dihydroethidium fluorescence. Ovariectomy increased systolic blood pressure, which was only prevented by E2+DRSP treatment. Estrogen deficiency caused endothelial dysfunction, which was prevented by both treatments. However, the vasodilator response in the E2+DRSP group was significantly higher at the three highest concentrations compared with the OVX group. Reduced ER-α expression in OVX rats was restored by both treatments. Morphometric parameters and oxidative stress were augmented by OVX and reduced by E2 and E2+DRSP treatments. Hormonal therapy with E2 and DRSP may be an important therapeutic option in the prevention of coronary heart disease in hypertensive post-menopausal women.